Physical and Non-Physical Work Environment as Determinants of Employee Performance: A Case Study of a Property Developer in Sumedang Regency

Abstract

The work environment constitutes a critical determinant in human resource management, shaping employee comfort, motivation, and productivity. Prior research on this construct has largely concentrated on banking, manufacturing, and public-sector settings, leaving the property development industry particularly subsidised housing developers comparatively underexplored. This study examines the physical and non-physical work environment, describes employee performance, and identifies the aspects of the work environment requiring improvement at a property development firm in Sumedang Regency, West Java. A qualitative approach with a case study design was employed. Data were gathered through non-participant observation, structured interviews with five purposively selected informants, and documentary evidence. Data were analysed using the Miles and Huberman interactive model, comprising data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing, while credibility was established through source and technique triangulation. The findings reveal that the physical work environment broadly supports employees' activities, characterised by adequate illumination, temperature control, air circulation, and low noise levels. The non-physical dimension is likewise conducive, reflected in open two-way communication and harmonious interpersonal relations. Employee performance falls within the favourable category in terms of work quality, timeliness, and commitment. Nevertheless, three shortcomings were identified: the absence of documented occupational health and safety procedures, insufficiently ergonomic workspace arrangement, and the lack of periodic work environment evaluation. These findings underscore the need to formalise